On My Radar: S&P 500 Return Expectations by Steve Blumenthal, CMG Capital Management
“Academics operate with an expression called recency. It basically means that we, as humans, assign greater relevance and importance to more recent events than we do to more distant ones. When equities delivered exorbitant returns during the great bull market of 1982-2000, it became the norm to expect double digit returns from equities, despite the fact that equities had rarely delivered such high returns before the 1980s.”
– Niels Jensen, Absolute Return Partners, March 2015
At the beginning of each month, I like to look at a series of valuation metrics: Median PE, Price to Sales and Price to Operating Earnings. Let’s look at them today.
The logic, of course, is simple. When expensively priced, reduce exposure and reduce return expectations. When inexpensively priced, overweight exposure and increase return expectations. Oh! but to be patient – that’s the hard part.
Niels Jensen is a long-time friend, hedge fund manager and CMG partner and writes what I think is a must-read quarterly client letter. I thought he did an outstanding job in his most recent piece talking about unrealistic investor expectations. Niels highlighted the following chart with the intent of helping his clients get a sense of the historical returns for each decade since 1930 (show this one to your clients). The objective is to remove recency bias.
Looking at the S&P 500 Total Return decade by decade (far right column) might be a good starting point in helping clients set reasonable return expectations. I’m not sure about your individual clients, but I know from experience that return expectations tend to change based on recent gains or losses.
Source: Vitaliy Katsenelson Source: Absolute Return Partners – Tigers in Africa
Missing in the data is the “lost decade” of returns from 2000-2009. That decade achieved a total return of just -0.99% – the first negative decade in the series (including the 1930s). Overall, from 1930-2009 the annualized return with dividends was 9.37%. Source: Calculator
According to my friends at Ned Davis Research, Inc., during the average buy-and-hold stock market, an investor spends 77% of his or her time recovering from cyclical downturns in the market. 77% of the time – that’s telling. It’s in the mathematics of loss. Remember that it takes a 100% gain to overcome a 50% decline.
My two cents is that many investors expect 9% to 11%; yet, we currently live in a world of 4% to 5%. If you are an older dog like me, you’ll remember your clients expecting 18% per year or more in the late 1990s and 2000. My client, Roberta, left CMG in December 1999 after I grew her account 30% over the prior two years. She was ultra-conservative and positioned accordingly.
The problem, of course, was that 30% paled in comparison to the 51.4% the S&P 500 gained in 1998-1999 or the 159.14% the NASDAQ gained over those two years. She told me she was going to a Merrill Lynch broker and was investing in “safe stocks.” Her $1 million account fell to less than $500,000. Had she stayed, that same $1 million would have grown to over $1.3 million. It is tough to compare a conservative bond strategy to stocks, but I showed her the forward return probabilities back then, and I wrote frequently about a technology bubble. Unfortunately, that didn’t help. She was in her mid-60s then. Safe stocks. Right.
As a quick aside: Do you remember those NASDAQ gains in 1998 and 1999? An interesting data point is that more than three-quarters of all the money invested in Fidelity mutual funds was concentrated in their technology funds. The NASDAQ crashed some 75% by mid-2002 and has only just recently crossed back above 5000. It took about 15 years to get back to even, but who was really able to ride that bumpy ride back? The bigger question is: Who took advantage of the buying opportunity that crash created?
I believe we can get a good fix on what forward returns will be. Take a look at the following from Rob Arnott’s shop. His research shows that, by knowing the beginning dividend yield, EPS growth and implied inflation, one can fairly accurately predict the Expected Equity Return over the coming 10 years.
Though the data doesn’t perfectly align to the above decade chart, it is close enough in my book. Take a look at the Expected Equity Return for the 2001-2010 10-year period of time. In 2001, the expected forward 10-year annual return was 4.7% per year (orange arrow next chart). Not 9%, 11% or the 18% many were hoping for. The actual compounded annual growth rate or return, using the source calculator for the S&P 500 Index was just 1.36%.
A 10-year time frame is one thing, but zeroing in on what returns might be over the next year or so is far more challenging. I take a crack at that too this week with another great valuation chart from NDR (hint: the result is negative over the coming 3 to 24 months).
Let’s also take a look at what has been driving the market higher. Some argue that individual investors are still on the sidelines. I don’t think so, and I show evidence that they are almost as fully invested as they were at the 2000 and 2007 market peaks. So if they are nearly “all in,” who’s been pushing up prices? I include a note from Art Cashin this week – it is corporations buying their shares back and taking on more debt to do so.
So let’s dive in. It prints long but reads fast.
Included in this week’s On My Radar:
- Buyback Fever – Corporate Repurchases Continued at a Blistering Pace
- Individual Investors Are Nearly All-In and So Are the Pros
- Valuations Are High
- My Thoughts on Risks
- Trade Signals – Sentiment Turns Negative, Trend Remains Bullish
Buyback fever – corporate repurchases continued at a blistering pace
Here’s a bit from Bloomberg (courtesy of Art Cashin’s March 3, 2015 letter):
“Stock buybacks, which along with dividends eat up sums of money equal to almost all the Standard & Poor’s 500’s earnings, vaulted to a record in February, with chief executive officers announcing $104.3 billion in planned repurchases. That’s the most since TrimTabs Investment Research began tracking the data in 1995 and almost twice the $55 billion bought a year earlier.
Even with 10-year Treasury yields holding below 2.1 percent, economic growth trailing forecasts and earnings estimates deteriorating, the stock market snapped back last month as companies announced an average of more than $5 billion in buybacks each day. That’s enough to cover about 2 percent of the value of shares traded on U.S. exchanges, data compiled by Bloomberg show.
Records show that companies have bought over $2 trillion of their own shares since the low of 2009. They are on a pace to spend about 95% of their earnings on buybacks and dividends.
No wonder we’re at new highs.”
As I mentioned, the probability of a pickup in global capital flows, fueled by an advancing sovereign debt crisis and distrust for government debt, and piggy backing record corporate share buy-backs, could further propel the market higher. We’ll see.
Individual investors are nearly all in and so are the pros
I really like this next chart. It tracks money allocated in Rydex Mutual Funds. A lot of professional investors use these funds. Note the yellow circle in the upper right. It shows us that 84.3% of the money in Rydex Funds is allocated to Domestic and Global Equity funds. It was 79% in 2007. Also note the record low level of money market assets (yellow circle bottom right). As is the case with individual investors, the pros are also nearly all in.
Valuations are high
Let’s take a look at Median PE, Price to Sales and Price to Operating Earnings.
Median PE
Median Price to Sales
Price to Operating Earnings
I highlighted the returns that followed periods when the Price to Operating Earnings Ratio was above 18.2. Shown are 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months later. Also note how well the market did when the ratio was less than 8.
One final look at Valuations (in the above charts the data is based on actual reported earnings and not overhyped Wall Street Analysts’ estimates).
Average of the four valuation indicators – via Doug Short’s blog
Last month, the average of the four valuation indicators was 86% overvalued. It is 92% overvalued through February.
I shared the next chart with you last week. In the “We are here” line, insert 92%. We are now two months at more than 2.5 standard deviations above the mean and just one prior period spent more than one month that far above fair value (as measured by mean). That was the March 2001 to November 2001 period. If you were an oddsmaker, what would you be thinking? I know what I’d think. “Ruh Roh.” Channeling my inner Scooby Doo – do you remember Scooby Doo? – OK … somebody get me some meds.
Also, I thought this next chart was very clever.
Here is a scatter graph with the market valuation on the vertical axis (log scale) and interest rates on the horizontal axis. I’ve included some key highlights: 1) the extreme overvaluation of the tech bubble, 2) the valuations since the start of last recession, 3) the average P/E 10 and 4) where we are today.
Source: Doug Short blog (I find his site to be a chart geek’s dream land)
My thoughts on risks
The problem in the world is excessive debt, and it cannot be rectified unless you have either a hyperinflation or a hard debt deflation like the 1930s.
Corporations have taken advantage of borrowing at ultra-low rates and have used that money to purchase their stock. Financial engineering at its best. Yet earnings are in decline here and globally. A concerning combination. Call me crazy, but I’m of the belief that an inflight of fresh new capital (a global rush to dollars/safety) may propel U.S. stocks even higher.
With negative interest rates in Europe and a Fed edging ever closer to lifting U.S. rates (expectations are for June or September), the advantage goes to the U.S. dollar with U.S. assets the beneficiary of global capital flows. That’s my thesis for now as we watch the equity market step higher.
Remember the card game called Acey Deucey? You are dealt two cards and you split them. The dealer would then flip a third card. If that card number fell in between your two cards, you’d win the pot. If you lost, you’d have to double the amount of money in the pot, and the turn would move to the next player. The best combination was an Ace and a 2 (or deuce). This gave you the best odds to win but nonetheless a risk it was and nerves were tested – especially the bigger the pot grew.
It kind of feels a bit like Acey Deucey today except we are holding a 5 and a 10. As much as I know about global currency flows, valuation, supply and demand dynamics and human behavior, I can’t help but wonder what it is that I don’t know. We live within a highly complex system with many moving parts.
Risk is high and the bet may pay off but recessions happen (often two times each decade) and when the bubble is fully inflated, the bear market declines are at their greatest. Similar to 2000 and 2007, now is the time to have a stop-loss or hedged risk management game plan in place.
I was interviewed on a radio program last week, and the host asked, “What keeps you up at night?” I think, globally, we need to face the hard reality of unmanageable debt. It involves restructure (some form of default) which means underfunded pensions will become more underfunded and it means banks will take hits, investors will take hits and economies will slow.
In the meantime, all of this is confusing to individuals as they, not living in our professional investment world, have their other important interests. But lack of education and planning can prove painful – like it did to Roberta. Far easier to feel good and project yesterday’s returns forward. It is just so emotionally difficult to stay disciplined.
When valuations are high (like today), history tells us to expect very low forward 10-year returns. The bigger challenge, and coming opportunity, is for both of us to prepare our clients for a period of high forward 10-year returns. Their confidence to invest will be challenged so some advance prep work is required. It rarely feels like an opportunity during -40% bear market declines (times of stress).
Follow the valuation charts to assess risk and opportunity. Use a risk management or hedged process (like Big Mo or 13/34-Week EMA – see Trade Signals). It is time to be tactical and know that a period of low valuations and high potential forward returns will present itself again. Seek gains but with a plan to risk protect. Patience and risk management today will lead to greater opportunity tomorrow.
Honestly, I feel I failed Roberta. I wish I was able to keep her on plan. I guess with experience, we gain great conviction in our process. I do hope I’m able to help the next Roberta.
Trade signals – sentiment remains “excessively optimistic,” trend ulblish
Included in this week’s Trade Signals:
- Cyclical Equity Market Trend: The Primary Trend Remains Bullish for Stocks
- Volume Demand Continues to Better Volume Supply: Bullishfor Stocks
- Weekly Investor Sentiment Indicator:
- NDR Crowd Sentiment Poll: Extreme Optimism (short-term BEARISH for stocks)
- Daily Trading Sentiment Composite: Extreme Pessimism (short-term BEARISH for stocks)
- The Zweig Bond Model: The Cyclical Trend for Bonds Remains Bullish
Click here for the full piece.
Personal note
The five boys are out shoveling, and it sure is beautiful outside. About a foot of new snow and three of the five got the much prayed for “school is canceled for today” phone call. Not so lucky for thing two and thing three but a two-hour delay eased the pain.
Warm weather can’t come soon enough. If you are in the south or the west, smile and take in the warmth. And please send some our way!
The knee is on the mend, the Philadelphia Flyers won a big game last night (struggling to make the playoffs), and tomorrow is opening day for my favorite MLS soccer team – the Philadelphia Union. I’m looking forward to a cold Victory Hop Devil IPA, a cheesesteak and a “W” for the home team.
Hoping you have plenty of shovel-ready helpers in your house and a warm fire inside. Come on spring!
Have a great weekend!
With kind regards,
Steve
