Playing The Oracle: What Will Berkshire Hathaway Buy Next?

Let’s make a deal! Except, not really. Instead, let’s play the game where we try to guess what Warren Buffett is up to next. This is definitely a well-worn game, and we will almost certainly be wrong, but games are meant to be fun! If the game analogy doesn’t work for you because winning is everything, then let’s treat this as a poor man’s thought experiment instead—clearly this is not going to be at the Schrödinger’s cat level, but the process will (hopefully) be interesting nonetheless. And at the end of ours, we’ve identified eight companies we think are most likely to be Buffet’s next target.

Warren Buffett "My Favourite Books" #3 Personal History - Katharine Graham

Anyone that has followed Berkshire Hathaway for more than five minutes has seen the acquisition criteria in its annual report. If for some reason you have not, here it is for reference:

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

ACQUISITION CRITERIA

We are eager to hear from principals or their representatives about businesses that meet all of the following criteria:

1. Large purchases (at least $75 million of pre-tax earnings unless the business will fit into one of our existing units),
2. Demonstrated consistent earning power (future projections are of no interest to us, nor are “turnaround” situations),
3. Businesses earning good returns on equity while employing little or no debt,
4. Management in place (we can’t supply it),
5. Simple businesses (if there’s lots of technology, we won’t understand it),
6. An offering price (we don’t want to waste our time or that of the seller by talking, even preliminarily, about a transaction when price is  unknown).

The larger the company, the greater will be our interest: We would like to make an acquisition in the $5-20 billion range.

This is the first and most important part of the puzzle, because we’re told almost exactly what Buffett wants. Ending the latest quarter with nearly $100 billion in cash and equivalents on the books, the $5-$20 billion range is grossly understated, especially given that Buffett has already mentioned possible transactions up to $150 billion, and Berkshire was a participant in the failed $142 billion Kraft-Unilever attempt earlier this year. 

The Pieces of the Puzzle

Now for the fun part. With more data, more sophisticated analytical tools, and fewer public companies, our odds of landing in the target zone are improved, even though our assumptions are by no means guaranteed. So let’s jump straight into the deep end and break down the criteria.

1. First, we’ll start with companies that have pretax income of at least $500 million. This satisfies the large purchase requirement (item 1). Berkshire set a threshold of $75 million, so expanding to $500 million on the same ratio will give us a company size somewhere between $33 billion to $133 billion.
2. Second, we’ll include companies that have maintained a P/E ratio of at least 15x for each of the prior three years. This satisfies the condition of having consistent earning power (item 2).
3. Third, we’ll include companies that have maintained a ROE of at least 8% for the prior three years. Additionally, the companies’ Debt-to-Equity ratio must be no more than 33%. This satisfies the condition of earning good returns on equity with little or no debt (item 3).
4. Fourth, we’ll include companies where the average tenure of management is at least five years. This satisfies the condition of having management in place (item 4). Plus, given the three-year performance metrics we have set, this helps ensure the performance is from the existing management.
5. Fifth, we’ll limit to companies that have no more than five subindustries, based on the FactSet Revere Industry Classification System (RBICS). This satisfies the simple business requirement (item 5).
6. Finally, we’ll set a market value between $25 to $200 billion. Even though the stated preference is $5 to $20 billion, we need to move beyond that given the cash on hand.

The only item we’re not able to filter is item six: an offering price. This is because we don’t know what companies are actually for sale and which may be shopping a deal to Buffett at the moment. That rounds out Berkshire’s stated criteria; however, there are a few other key items to factor in.

Given Berkshire’s acquisition history, we’re also going to limit our predications to companies that have a primary geographic revenue exposure to the U.S. using FactSet’s GeoRev data. Additionally, Buffett has recently been on the record stating India has “incredible potential” but suffers from excessive regulation.

With that in mind, we are excluding companies based in India. Buffett has a stated aversion to technology (see item five on his list), but he has purchased Information Technology Services and Prepackaged Software companies before, so we are not going exclude investment opportunity; we’ll follow his track record rather than his statements.

Narrowing the Potential Targets to a Dozen

From the 83,000 public companies (273,000 securities) in our investable universe at the start, we are left with just 12 companies that meet all criteria.

Note that Berkshire is in our investable universe, and while we applied the same criteria, it failed to pass because its Debt/Equity ratio is 36% and it operates in a whopping 23 RBICS subindustries. Though this may not seem positive at first, we’re reminded of the old adage, “Do as I say, not as I do.” This means we could keep our criteria at the higher bar on the premise that Buffett is no longer looking to invest in Berkshire but rather on behalf of Berkshire and its shareholders. This is also one of the reasons why he doesn’t like share buybacks.

Our initial screening criteria results in the following 12 companies, with Berkshire added for comparison.

Before we get carried away, let’s look at the third part of the puzzle: what is the trading performance? Given the height of equity markets these days, if any of these appear inflated then we shouldn’t expect an investment from a value investor like Buffett. Charting one-year results, our initial list of 12 can probably be whittled down to eight by excluding Actelion Ltd, Charles Schwab Corp, Intuitive Surgical Inc, and VMware Inc, which are too expensive on a relative basis.

And Then There were Eight

The fourth piece of the puzzle uses FactSet People and FactSet Ownership data to see if there are any other clues that can help us narrow the list of prospective acquisitons. Two things stand out from the eight companies we have left:

• Management compensation
• Insider stakes

It would be difficult to imagine Buffett paying a CEO the kind of salaries Larry Fink ($25.5 million from BlackRock), Mark Parker ($47.6 million from Nike), or Ronald Havner, Jr., ($11.2 million from Public Storage) are being paid. Buffett’s annual total compensation is still just $487,881, and while its possible to overcome this compensation issues, those are some large gaps to fill.

L’Oreal, Henkel, SAP, and Nike all have significant insider ownership—at least 20% and upwards of 60%. L’Oreal in particular is challenging because Nestle currently owns a significant stake. Even with activist Daniel Loeb’s Third Point agitating for change at Nestle, (including a sale of its 23% L’Oreal stake), the position looks firm for now. Perhaps Buffett could “help” Nestle offload the stake, which would also help fend off Third Point. As with compensation, insider stakes is not an insurmountable hurdle, but a hurdle nonetheless.

In both of these issues, there are plenty of precedent cases in Berkshire’s historical deals. For example, as Chairman and CEO of Precision Castparts, Mark Donegan was paid $15.8 million, and both H.J. Heinz Co and WM Wrigley Jr. Co. had significant insider stakes prior to Berkshire’s acquisitions.

Putting the Pieces Together

We are now at the last, unwritten, and perhaps most critical part of the puzzle. Unfortunately, we don’t have a way to model or screen on it though. Warren Buffett buys what he wants, and he requires a moat (said in less medieval terms: a competitive advantage). All of the companies in our result set look like viable candidates, but does Buffett think so, and do they have a business that appears unassailable? We have no idea.

These criteria can certainly be picked apart, massaged, and nuanced ad infinitum (and ad nausea), but that the fun in this game: to see if you can land in the same company as the Oracle of Omaha, if only for a fleeting moment?

Hey, at least it we’re not roleplaying as Apple Inc., which still has no idea what to do with all its cash.

Article by Bryan Adams, FactSet