Option One and Ameriquest sold $83 billion of subprime loans in 2005. All of America bought $161 billion worth of mortgages in 1992. Yellen, being a bureaucrat, would protest she had no jurisdiction over these mortgage factories. So what? Their very presence pushed banks into bad businesses, and she did have authority over Angelo Mozilo’s Countrywide Bank as well as Wells Fargo.
From Yellen’s May 1, 2014, speech (“before I rejoined the Federal Reserve Board as Vice Chair in 2010, I had the privilege of serving for six years as president and chief executive of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco”) she mentioned how “[c]ommunity bankers helped me, when I served as president, to take the pulse of the local economy.” Assuming that was so, her decision to continue her career in central banking betrays an inability to assess her own limitations.
By April 2008, more than 1,000 houses in California and were auctioned every weekday. Not too far from her San Francisco office was Merced, California. It had been a house-trading casino for out-of-town investors. They sometimes bought two houses at a time and prices rose 30% a year. By June 2008, it had one of the highest foreclosure rates in the country. Harwinder Sharma bought a new house “in a beautiful neighborhood, surrounded by other homes with landscaped front yards.” By 2008, the Merced native was “ringed by vacant lots and empty houses, and the neighborhood [was] overrun by dry weeds and brush.” Developers built nearly 4,400 new houses in Merced. Three-quarters of the houses were in foreclosure in August 2008.
In San Jose, California, Shawn Forgaard, a 37-year-old software engineer, bought one house for his family and nine for investment. The clock ran out on his negative-amortization loans in May 2008: “Everyone stumbles…I’m confident our lives will be much, much richer as a result.”
By 2008, the Los Angeles Police Department’s Real Estate Fraud Squad fought an uphill battle with professional squatters who moved from one abandoned house to another, posed as tenants, and demanded cash payments from the banks before they would leave.
In Beverly Hills, Ed McMahon defaulted on his house. In Encino, Michael Jackson’s Neverland was foreclosed upon on February 26, 2008. In Hollywood, Jose Conseco lost his house, declaring: “It didn’t make financial sense for me to keep paying for a mortgage on a home that was basically owned by someone else.” Conseco was better equipped than the pinheads who constructed probabilities for mortgage securities. America had changed: Losing ones house used to be shameful, a disgrace; now it was recommended. The YouWalkAway.com website offered guidelines on how to stay in the house for eight months “payment free (after the owner had stopped paying) and then “walk away without owing a penny.” Another novelty of this cycle were the evictees who “stripped out appliances, punched holes in the wall, dumped paint on carpets and… locked their pets inside to wreak further havoc.” Real-estate agents estimated that about half of foreclosed properties to be sold by mortgage companies nationwide had “substantial” damage.
In the east-most suburbs of Los Angeles, the Inland Empire, “you think you’re staring at a ghost exurb.” One in every 43 houses faced foreclosure in May 2008. More than 500,000 people had moved to the Inland Empire (Riverside, San Bernardino) during the previous five years. Now it was home to “infested swimming pools, fetid and green…choked with algae. Thousands of people have walked away without even draining the water. Mosquito control agents now patrol these murky pools…” “Mosquito fish” were “well suited for a prolonged housing slump. Hardy creatures with big appetites, they can survive in oxygen-depleted swimming pools for many months, eating up to 500 larvae a day…” We’re lucky the housing bust didn’t cause a bubonic plague.
In San Diego, a developer offered a special deal: “buy one, get one free.”
Maricopa, Arizona is 40 miles south of Phoenix. It had a population of 600 in the early 1990s and a one-room school house. Then, the developers arrived. Construction crews raised blocks of identical houses (14,000 houses in all), “because it was more efficient to build with as little variation as possible. They built sidewalks on only one side of the street to save money.” By 2005, inductees moved to Maricopa at the rate of three per hour. More than one-third of the mortgages were subprime. By 2008, houses traded like CDOs: there were no offers. No schools have been built. At rush hour, the single road to and from Phoenix was a parking lot.
In Las Vegas, Eve Mazzarella and Steven Grimm were charged with bank fraud. Banks lent them $107 million; they bought 277 houses and made a $15 million profit. Their scheme was not particularly conspicuous: The FBI established a special task force in Las Vegas because the size, scale and sophistication of such schemes had grown to monstrous proportions.
Banks offered occupants $1,000 if they moved out without “trash[ing] the house.” This was in March 2008, when anger was still in the first inning. A daughter of Bruce Toll, co-founder of Toll Brothers walked away from her purchase agreement. Toll Brothers (the corporation) announced it was pursuing its “rights under the agreement of sale.”
If Yellen is correct, and there are only “pockets” of asset bubbles, then America is wearing a clown suit. Yield spreads on junk bonds are at all-time lows, as with leveraged loans, and just about any other bond category. Exactly as in 2007, this has not inhibited issuance. Instead, the Fed-led asset bubble has called into existence weird and amazing nooses.
To the detached observer, the channels of security issuance are teeming with sewerage. Bloomberg noted the development with a June 17 headline: “Sewerage-to-Fertilizer Plan Shows No Junk Bonds Stink.” It went on to describe “the malodorous” offering by the Orange County Industrial Development Authority (in Florida, not the one made famous by Robert Citron) which is offering the $62 million certifiably junk bond. Bloomberg quoted Tom Metzold, co-director of municipal bonds at Eaton Vance in Boston: “This is like the worst of the worst… yet investors will probably buy it…. When too much money chases too few bonds, deals come to market that have no right coming to market. The risk-reward profile is so out of balance, it’s nuts.”
In the same spirit, on June 9, Bloomberg investigated the hot car-loan market. “In response to rising default rates on subprime U.S. auto loans, bond investors are deciding the best thing to do is pile into securities backed by them.” On the supply side: “With rates near 0%, credit card companies are happy to lower standards and lend.”
Let’s not forget Yellen keeps touting regulatory oversight as the magic solution to unseemly markets.
Recent fixed-income offerings include homeless-shelter bonds, meteor bonds, car-rental bonds (these “obscure asset-backed securities bundle together cash flows from auto leases”), and burrito bonds (that offer “two vouchers for free burritos if you [lend] … $848”). The most prolific money gatherer among municipal bond ETFs in 2014 has been Market Vectors High Yield Municipal Index (HYD), which has received over $100 million of inflows this year. It was thrashed last week after some Puerto Rican problem
Zero-Hedge reported from down south: “Bond Bubble Goes Full-er Retard: 4x Oversubscribed Kenyan Bond Orderbook is 20% of Country’s GDP” (June 17, 2014). “An indication of just how off the charts the 2014 edition of the full retard bond bubble is comes from Kenya, which priced a debut $2bn eurobond yesterday and in the process managed to break the record for the largest debut for an African country in the sovereign bond market….. According to the FT, the orderbook was more than four times oversubscribed which is roughly equivalent to around 20% of the country’s GDP according to Bloomberg data. Plus – in Kenya – 49 people were killed on a beach north of Mombasa on Sunday, June 16.”
The incident happened the day before the offering. There is a fair chance buyers did not know about the 49 deaths at a beach resort. There is also a good chance the majority could not locate Kenya on a map, if they even know Kenya is a country. A flashback: one that demonstrates how far the financial economy has distanced itself from the real economy. In January 2008, Standard & Poor’s rated Kazakhstan’s credit even though Kazakhstan had no debt. Why? It attracted a healthy credit-default swap trade. Again, for what purpose? An e-mail seemed as plausible as any: “I doubt the buyers of this thing are even aware there is no debt to insure. Nor do they care. It’s just an exotic casino game to have a go at.” Reuters posted occasional updates on the credit-default swaps: “Kazakhstan 5-Yr CDS [spreads] Hit Record High.” Traders discussed this untoward development; explanations included problems with the credit crunch in emerging markets and with Kazak politics. The issues are also perplexing since CDS reference a real bond, but in the midst of such disarray, then and now, that may have slipped by the legal departments.
Stock offerings are also problematic, including Fantex Vernon Davis (Fantex: VNDSL), which is trading at $11.20. ($10.50 last week.) Marketwatch posts its percent rise at “infinity.” Vernon Davis is a receiver for the San Francisco 49ers. A quick check shows he is currently holding out for a better contract, adding octane to this infinity-chasing stock. For the wary, something called the “Fathead Vernon Davis” sells for $99.99 at Dick’s Sporting Goods.
Uber, the limo-hailing app, was valued at $17 billion upon its June IPO. The U.S. taxi industry receives $11 billion in sales a year.
I received a note, after writing about the art market: “Reading your discussion of modern “art” as collateral reminds me of a conversation I had in Japan in 1986. I was based in Tokyo and handling distribution for a software company. I met a young banker for one of my distributors who was applying to MIT Sloan. He proudly told me how the bank had loaned an exec several million dollars to buy a coveted golf membership. Of course the loan was secured by …. the golf membership. A few years later neither the loan nor the collateral was worth much.” We may have already passed this point.
It is interesting that news stories about market developments routinely indict the Fed for the excesses, even as Yellen distances herself from responsibility:
Bloomberg: June 27: “Companies are on a borrowing binge that’s only accelerating, with investment-grade bond sales poised for a new record year. No one seems to be too concerned because… central banks across the globe are working hard to keep suppressing borrowing costs…. Buyers still can’t get enough. Investors are now demanding about the smallest premium over benchmark rates to own the debt since 2007, according to Bank of America Merrill Lynch index data.”
Bloomberg: June 3: “Bond investors who see no end to the financial repression that’s pushed yields to record lows are piling even more money into notes of the riskiest companies, wagering that central banks will keep propping them up. ”
Bloomberg: June 16:”The boom in fixed-income derivatives trading is exposing a hidden risk in debt markets around the world: the inability of investors to buy and sell bonds. While futures trading of 10-year Treasuries is close to an all-time high, bond-market volume for some maturities has fallen a third in the past year. In Japan’s $9.6 trillion debt market, the benchmark note didn’t trade until midday on two days last week. As a lack of liquidity in Italy caused transaction costs in the world’s third-largest sovereign bond market to jump last month, [this] propelled an eightfold surge in Italian futures by relying more on derivatives. The shift reflects an unintended consequence wrought by central banks. Inefficiencies in the $100 trillion market for bonds may make investors more vulnerable to losses when yields rise from historical lows. The worry is that when investors try to exit their positions, ‘there may be some kind of squeeze.’ That concern has caused investors to pour into derivatives, which are contracts based on underlying assets that can provide the same exposure without tying up as much capital.”
The “inefficiencies in the $100 trillion market [that] may make investors more vulnerable to losses,” have escaped former Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke, who had inflated the Federal Reserve balance sheet to 70-to-1 against stated capital by November 2013. In at least one of his $250,000 diners with hedge fund managers, the galloping gourmet claimed the Fed does not have to reduce its balance sheet by “one dime.” He never was much of one for details.
The inefficiencies have not escaped all the central banks. From The King Report, June 23: “Central banks are planning to cut their exposure to longer-term debt to protect themselves from losses…. The survey of 69 central bank reserve managers, polled in May by [Central Banking Publications] and HSBC, suggested many have already started moving into riskier assets, such as equities.” From the same day’s King Report: “The [Japanese] Government Pension Fund and other public pension plans sold about [$17.4 billion] more in Japanese bonds than they bought in the first three months of the year…”
Back in the Home Land, the Financial Times reported on June 16, 2014, that “Federal Reserve officials have discussed imposing exit fees on bond funds to avert a potential run by investors, underlining regulators’ concern about the vulnerability of the $10 trillion corporate bond market. Officials are concerned that bond-fund investors, as with bank depositors, can withdraw their money on demand….” This is not a problem whipped up by some Fed staffers. From Bloomberg, June 23: “It’s never been easier for individuals to enter some of the most esoteric debt markets. Wall Street’s biggest firms are worried that it’ll be just as simple for them to leave. Investors have piled more than $900 billion into taxable bond funds since the 2008 financial crisis, buying stock-like shares of mutual and exchange-traded funds to gain access to infrequently-traded markets…. [A]nalysts at JPMorgan Chase & Co. are focusing on the problems that individual investors could cause by yanking money from funds…. ‘In extremis, this could force a closing of the primary market and have serious economic impact.'”
At a press conference two days later, Federal Reserve Chairman Janet Yellen was asked about this initiative and she claimed not to know anything about it.
There are times to step aside, as best as one can (no easy task). This is one.
