Ratio analysis provides investors and operators with a consistent framework for organizing and benchmarking numbers from a financial statement. By converting the raw financials into ratios, we can more easily spot relationships and trends across stocks.
In this post, I discuss the 15 credit & balance sheet ratios that allows investors to quickly gauge a company’s credit health and management’s operation of capital efficiency.
Credit ratios vary greatly by sector. I provide a table for each ratio listing the median of firms in the finbox.io database by sector so that you can benchmark your subject firm appropriately. The sector medians listed are as of November 8th, 2017. You may also find my posts on Valuation Ratios, Profit & Return Ratios, and Cash Flow Ratios helpful.
Interested in example calculations of the ratios discussed? I’ve created a spreadsheet template you can use to calculate these 15 credit ratios. The spreadsheet contains three tabs:
- Cheat Sheet: This tab lists Credit & Balance Sheet ratios and formulas used to calculate each ratio.
- [Example] Calculator: You can use this tab calculate all the ratios discussed for any business by manually entering the financials required in designated cells colored in yellow under the "Required Data" section.
- [Linked] Calculator: This tab has formulas that are powered by finbox.io's Spreadsheet add-on so you can use it to automatically fetch data for supported public companies by simply changing the ticker symbol in the designated cell.
You can make a copy of the Google Spreadsheet by clicking File > Make a copy in the menu or using the link below:
[ Copy Google Spreadsheet Template ]
[ Download Excel Spreadsheet Template ]
The Top 15 Credit & Balance Sheet Ratios
The EBIT Interest Coverage ratio is one of three popular "interest coverage ratios" used to assess a firm's ability to pay interest expenses based on operating profits. As the name suggests, the EBIT Interest Coverage ratio uses earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) in the numerator.
Formula
EBIT Interest Coverage = EBIT ÷ Interest Expense
| Sector | EBIT Interest Coverage |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 4.2x |
| Consumer Staples | 5.4x |
| Energy | 1.0x |
| Financials | 5.3x |
| Healthcare | -5.2x |
| Industrials | 5.2x |
| Information Technology | 2.3x |
| Materials | 3.8x |
| Telecom | 1.8x |
| Utilities | 3.0x |
The primary difference between the EBIT Interest Coverage ratio and the EBITDA Interest Coverage ratio is the exclusion of Depreciation and Amortization (D&A) expenses from the numerator in the latter. EBITDA Interest Coverage ratio uses earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) since depreciation and amortization represent a non-cash charge and therefore do not impact the amount of cash available to pay interest expenses.
Formula
EBITDA Interest Coverage = EBITDA ÷ Interest Expense
| Sector | EBITDA Interest Coverage |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 7.2x |
| Consumer Staples | 7.8x |
| Energy | 3.3x |
| Financials | 7.9x |
| Healthcare | -3.7x |
| Industrials | 8.3x |
| Information Technology | 6.3x |
| Materials | 6.7x |
| Telecom | 4.5x |
| Utilities | 4.9x |
3. EBITDA - CapEx Interest Coverage
While is true that depreciation and amortization don't directly impact the cash available, a firm must eventually replace depreciable assets in order to continue operating. A variant of the EBIT Interest Coverage ratio that accounts for these requirements is the EBITDA - CapEx Interest Coverage ratio. EBITDA - CapEx is preferred over EBIT Interest Coverage when a firm is growing and needs capital expenditures to support this growth since historical D&A will underestimate its cash needs in that scenario.
Formula
EBITDA - CapEx Interest Coverage = (EBITDA - CapEx) ÷ Interest Expense
| Sector | EBITDA less CapEx Coverage |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 4.7x |
| Consumer Staples | 4.6x |
| Energy | 1.3x |
| Financials | 7.1x |
| Healthcare | -4.6x |
| Industrials | 5.7x |
| Information Technology | 4.1x |
| Materials | 4.0x |
| Telecom | 1.9x |
| Utilities | 0.9x |
Capital structure is the mix of debt and equity used to finance operations and is the primary driver of credit risk. The Debt to Equity ratio is the most common ratio used to represent capital structure. Typically, a higher Debt to Equity ratio indicates higher credit risk. This is not always the case - utility companies, real estate investment trusts and commercial banks often operate with high leverage since they commonly have cash flows that are predictable and stable.
Formula
Debt to Equity = Total Debt ÷ Common Equity
| Sector | Debt / Equity |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 44.7% |
| Consumer Staples | 61.0% |
| Energy | 59.6% |
| Financials | 63.8% |
| Healthcare | 4.7% |
| Industrials | 57.8% |
| Information Technology | 12.2% |
| Materials | 52.1% |
| Telecom | 63.2% |
| Utilities | 109.3% |
Debt to Tangible Equity is a variant of the Debt to Equity ratio. Instead of common equity, tangible common equity (TCE) is used in the denominator. Tangible common equity is calculated by subtracting the value of goodwill and intangible assets from common equity. The Debt to Tangible Equity gained popularity during the 2008–2009 economic crisis since it is a stricter measure of balance sheet health for common shareholders.
Formula
Debt to Tangible Equity = Total Debt ÷ (Common Equity - Intangible Assets)
| Sector | Debt / Tangible Equity |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 5.9% |
| Consumer Staples | 0.3% |
| Energy | 63.1% |
| Financials | 68.6% |
| Healthcare | 0.0% |
| Industrials | 22.5% |
| Information Technology | 0.0% |
| Materials | 34.2% |
| Telecom | 0.0% |
| Utilities | 118.2% |
Debt To Total Capital measures the level of the debt relative to the market value of total capital. When the market value of equity is far above the amount listed on the Balance Sheet, the Debt to Total Capital ratio provides a more accurate representation of risk and leverage. The lower the Debt to Total Capital percentage, the higher the equity cushion provided to lenders and the lower the charged interest rate.
Formula
Debt To Total Capital = Total Debt ÷ (Total Debt + Market Capitalization)
| Sector | Debt / Total Capital |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 22.2% |
| Consumer Staples | 18.5% |
| Energy | 33.2% |
| Financials | 30.2% |
| Healthcare | 3.9% |
| Industrials | 18.4% |
| Information Technology | 5.1% |
| Materials | 20.7% |
| Telecom | 31.7% |
| Utilities | 37.0% |
Cash Flow to Total Debt is used in two different useful ways - a) to measure cash flow coverage and b) to find the ratio's inverse in order to estimate the length of time needed to pay off debts if all available dollars are allocated to repayment. Here at finbox.io, we use Cash Flow from Operations reported in the Statement of Cash Flows to calculate Cash Flow to Total Debt. Some analysts nevertheless prefer to compute this ratio using EBITDA in the numerator.
Formula
Cash Flow to Total Debt = Cash Flow from Operations ÷ Total Debt
| Sector | Cash Flow / Total Debt |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 22.8% |
| Consumer Staples | 24.6% |
| Energy | 18.7% |
| Financials | 15.9% |
| Healthcare | -26.2% |
| Industrials | 24.2% |
| Information Technology | 31.7% |
| Materials | 24.3% |
| Telecom | 23.0% |
| Utilities | 18.0% |
The Liabilities to Assets ratio (also referred to as Debt Ratio) measures the proportion of a firm's assets financed by liabilities. This ratio is similar to Debt / Equity as it measures leverage in the capital structure. A ratio greater than 0.5 indicates that the firm primarily uses credit and payables to finance assets.
Formula
Liabilities to Assets = Total Liabilities ÷ Total Assets
| Sector | Liabilites / Assets |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 60.6% |
| Consumer Staples | 58.1% |
| Energy | 53.1% |
| Financials | 87.3% |
| Healthcare | 41.7% |
| Industrials | 57.9% |
| Information Technology | 45.2% |
| Materials | 53.2% |
| Telecom | 70.4% |
| Utilities | 69.4% |
9. Cash Ratio
The Cash Ratio is a strict ratio used to assess a company's short-term liquidity. This ratio is considered "strict" because it only uses cash and short-term investments as sources of liquidity to service liabilities.
Formula
Cash Ratio = (Cash & ST Investments) ÷ Current Liabilities
| Sector | Cash Ratio |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 0.4x |
| Consumer Staples | 0.2x |
| Energy | 0.4x |
| Financials | 0.1x |
| Healthcare | 2.3x |
| Industrials | 0.3x |
| Information Technology | 0.9x |
| Materials | 0.5x |
| Telecom | 0.4x |
| Utilities | 0.1x |
10. Quick Ratio
The Quick Ratio is used to assess a company's short-term liquidity. This ratio is more relaxed than the Cash Ratio, but still only considers cash, short-term investments like marketable securities, and receivables which can all be "quickly" converted into cash at their book values as sources of liquidity.
Formula
Quick Ratio = (Cash & ST Investments + Receivables) ÷ Current Liabilities
| Sector | Quick Ratio |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 0.8x |
| Consumer Staples | 0.7x |
| Energy | 1.0x |
| Financials | 0.1x |
| Healthcare | 2.8x |
| Industrials | 1.2x |
| Information Technology | 1.5x |
| Materials | 1.3x |
| Telecom | 0.9x |
| Utilities | 0.5x |
11. Current Ratio
The Current Ratio is also used to assess a company's short-term liquidity. Unlike the Quick Ratio, this ratio considers all current assets as sources of liquidity. Current assets represent the assets a firm expects to convert to cash over the next 12 months. Current liabilities represent the obligations a firm must pay with cash over the next 12 months. In the event of distress, some of the current assets may not be available to be converted into cash at their carrying values. For example, if there is little demand for a firm's inventory, the carrying value may be overstated. Likewise, current assets like prepaid insurance, prepaid legal expenses, and office supplies can be difficult to convert into cash.
Formula
Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
The popular Piotroski Score uses the Current Ratio and awards a point when the change in Current Ratio is greater than zero.
| Sector | Current Ratio |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 1.6x |
| Consumer Staples | 1.5x |
| Energy | 1.3x |
| Financials | 1.0x |
| Healthcare | 3.4x |
| Industrials | 1.8x |
| Information Technology | 2.0x |
| Materials | 2.3x |
| Telecom | 1.1x |
| Utilities | 0.9x |
12. Asset Turnover
Asset Turnover represents the dollars in revenue that a company generates per dollar of assets. Asset Turnover is typically used to measure the efficiency of a firm and its management at deploying capital for assets that yield revenue. Note that we use average Total Assets from the start and end of the year in the denominator, since sales are made over the course of a year.
Formula
Asset Turnover = Sales ÷ Average Total Assets
The Asset Turnover ratio is also a component of the Piotroski Score. The Piotroski Score awards a point to stocks with increasing Asset Turnover.
| Sector | Asset Turnover |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 1.1x |
| Consumer Staples | 1.0x |
| Energy | 0.3x |
| Financials | 0.1x |
| Healthcare | 0.3x |
| Industrials | 0.9x |
| Information Technology | 0.8x |
| Materials | 0.7x |
| Telecom | 0.5x |
| Utilities | 0.3x |
The Fixed Asset Turnover ratio measures how well a firm uses its fixed assets to generate revenues. While fixed assets like plant, property, and equipment aren't consumed directly in a sale-like inventory, they’re still assets that are necessary to sustain operations. Consequently, it's important to measure how well management is purchasing capital assets to generate revenue.
Formula
Fixed Asset Turnover = Sales ÷ Average Net Property, Plant, and Equipment
| Sector | Fixed Asset Turnover |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 6.3x |
| Consumer Staples | 5.5x |
| Energy | 0.4x |
| Financials | 5.1x |
| Healthcare | 4.2x |
| Industrials | 6.1x |
| Information Technology | 11.1x |
| Materials | 1.8x |
| Telecom | 1.2x |
| Utilities | 0.4x |
The Inventory Turnover ratio illustrates how many times a firm's inventory is sold and replaced over the course of a year. A declining Inventory Turnover ratio can be a leading indicator of pricing pressure and sales slumps.
Formula
Inventory Turnover = COGS ÷ Average Inventory
| Sector | Inventory Turnover |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 8.7x |
| Consumer Staples | 9.3x |
| Energy | 20.1x |
| Financials | NM |
| Healthcare | 7.8x |
| Industrials | 8.0x |
| Information Technology | 8.7x |
| Materials | 7.2x |
| Telecom | NM |
| Utilities | NM |
Cash Conversion Cycle is a metric that compares the number of days it takes a company to sell inventory and collect receivables relative to the number of days afforded to pay bills. It attempts to measure the time between the outflow and inflow of cash in the sales cycle. A negative figure suggests that the firm can receive payments for product sales before having to pay suppliers.
Formula
Cash Conversion Cycle =
Days Sales Outstanding
(+) Days Inventory Outstanding
(-) Days Payable Outstanding
| Sector | Cash Conversion Cycle |
|---|---|
| Consumer Discretionary | 38 days |
| Consumer Staples | 50 days |
| Energy | 10 days |
| Financials | -NM |
| Healthcare | 67 days |
| Industrials | 61 days |
| Information Technology | 46 days |
| Materials | 62 days |
| Telecom | -19 days |
| Utilities | 18 days |
Additional Resources
I’ve created a simple cheat sheet listing the formulas and short descriptions that you can download and print for quick reference.
Article by Finbox.io
