Key Points
- Commodities provide inflation protection and valuable diversification benefits to traditional core stock and bond portfolios, but adoption has been muted, with a major concern disappointing performance in benign inflation environments.
- Traditional commodity indices suffer from a lack of diversification, particularly from a large concentration in the energy markets, and from exposures that do not adjust with market conditions.
- Commodity index design, and correspondingly the long-term expected performance of the index, can be improved in two important ways: weighting and contract selection.
Commodity markets have served a critical function of risk mitigation and risk transfer for thousands of years. In fact, derivatives trading in commodities was formalized in one of the first recorded legal codes, the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi, around 1750 BC (Oldani, 2008, p. 2–3). Today, as in the past, commodities play a key role in controlling risk for both commercial businesses and investors. Being real assets, commodities provide inflation protection and valuable diversification benefits to traditional core stock and bond portfolios. Yet adoption by both individual and institutional investors remains relatively limited for a variety of reasons, which include their “exotic” standing among asset classes, essentially, a fear of the unfamiliar; the perceived complexity of investing in futures contracts; and the performance headwinds of traditional, long-only commodity indices, such as the first-in-its-class S&P GSCI.
While having delivered substantial protection against rising inflation, traditional commodity indices have produced disappointing returns in benign inflation environments, encouraging many investors to think twice about a strategic allocation to commodities. That said, a long-only commodities portfolio can be a compelling long-term investment, assuming it is designed in a way that reverses the curse of unnecessarily poor returns by taking advantage of robust sources of excess return. In this article we review the case for commodities and the design advantages of the Dow Jones RAFI™ Commodity Index.
The Positive Attributes of Commodities
Most individuals and businesses hold insurance policies to mitigate the high costs associated with unexpected events, such as car accidents, home fires, lawsuits, and medical diagnoses. Some types of insurance are mandated by law (e.g., car insurance), but the majority of policies are voluntarily purchased. Insurance premiums are a necessary expense for often (after the fact) unneeded insurance, but a cost well worth bearing if the event insured against unfolds. The same largely applies to commodities: the asset class acts as a diversifier because of its low correlation with other asset classes as well as acts as insurance against rising inflation due to its positive correlation with inflation (Greer, 2006). Looking back almost a half-century from January 1976 to June 2016, the monthly correlation of the S&P GSCI with the S&P 500 Index was 0.17, and the monthly correlation of the S&P GSCI with the US Consumer Price Index (CPI) was 0.46.
Commodities as diversifier. Adding a 5% commodities allocation to a traditional 60% US core stock/40% US core bond portfolio (i.e., 55% stocks/40% bonds/5% commodities) can markedly reduce volatility. Over the period January 1979 to June 2016, the volatility reduction, or the simple difference between the rolling three-year volatility of a 60/40 portfolio and the 55/40/5 portfolio, lowered overall portfolio volatility by an average of 53 basis points (bps) a year. In the late 1990s, the diversification benefit rose to over 100 bps. The sole exception of commodities not adding any benefit was during the global financial crisis when every asset class moved downward in unison.
Traditional Commodity Indices
Commodities as inflation protection. We can assess commodities’ inflation protection ability by looking at performance (i.e., insurance payout) during periods of high inflation, which we define as 3% or greater, occurring in roughly one-third (62 of 199) of the trailing 12-month periods during these years. The average excess return (net of the risk-free rate) of a US 60/40 portfolio is a relatively low 1.4% compared to 24.2% for the S&P GSCI over the period January 1999–June 2016. But when inflation was low, defined here as less than 3%, the first-generation commodity index generated an average return of ?7.3%.
Where Traditional Commodity Indices Fall Short
Given that traditional commodity indices have generally delivered on their diversification and inflation-hedging benefits over the last 40 years, what explains the muted adoption by investors? In a word: performance. If we plot the growth of $100 from January 1976 to June 2016 invested in the S&P GSCI, US 60/40 portfolio, US T-bills, and US CPI, the commodity index’s ending value of $595 underperforms both the 60/40 portfolio ($5,015) and T-bills ($691), and beats inflation ($430) by only $165 as of the end of June 2016. The annualized performance of the S&P GSCI was 4.5% compared to 10.2% for the 60/40 portfolio and 4.9% for T-bills. The annualized inflation rate over the period was 3.7%. Simply put, investors in the S&P GSCI earned a return lower than T-bills despite being subjected to annualized volatility of nearly 20%.
Traditional commodity indices suffer from two drawbacks that negatively impact their performance: 1) a lack of diversification and 2) exposures that do not adjust with market conditions.
Lack of diversification. The weighting methods of traditional indices solely based on measures such as world production values—the Bloomberg Commodity (BCOM) index being a notable exception—tend to create very large tilts toward energy markets. The sizeable energy concentration of traditional commodity indices can lead to significant risk of large downturns when macroeconomic events adversely impact the energy markets, such as in 2008 when the S&P GSCI fell 46.5%, and again in 2015 when it dropped 32.9%. Six separate commodity contracts are associated with energy, but with the single exception of natural gas, all are very highly correlated with crude oil, being derived directly from it.1 Therefore, by focusing so heavily on one highly correlated sector, investors are foregoing meaningful diversification benefits.
Ignoring market conditions. In the 1920s John Maynard Keynes developed the theory of normal backwardation. Keynes argued that commodity producers would theoretically be willing to pay a premium to buyers of commodity futures in order to hedge away the risk of falling commodity prices in the future. He argued that it would be normal for commodity futures prices “out on the curve” to be below the spot price, and named this condition backwardation.2
Whereas backwardation may seem a logical market outcome, commodities also exhibit a condition called contango, the opposite of backwardation, in which the spot price is higher than the futures price out on the curve. Nowadays, many commodities are frequently in contango due to storage costs and shifting relationships among suppliers, producers, and speculators, and this contango is usually steepest at the front of the curve. The traditional commodity index construction repeatedly buys the most liquid front-month futures contracts, which induces a high cost of rolling contracts in times of contango and generates significantly negative roll returns.
Improving Commodity Index Design
Commodity index design, and correspondingly long-term expected performance, can be improved in two important ways: weighting and contract selection.
Weighting. An overweight to commodities in backwardation (or in less-extreme contango) in order to capture a relatively high and attractive roll yield, and an overweight to commodities with higher recent performance in order to benefit from short-term persistence in commodity price movements (i.e., positive momentum), can have meaningfully positive impacts on portfolio performance.3,4 We compare the performance of four portfolios—high versus low roll yield and high versus low momentum—from January 1999 to June 2016.
The portfolios are constructed as follows: 1) the high roll-yield portfolio consists of the top one-third of commodities with the highest roll yields over the period, 2) the low roll-yield portfolio consists of the bottom one-third of commodities by roll yield, 3) the high-momentum portfolio consists of the top one-third of commodities by recent performance, and 4) the low-momentum portfolio consists of the worst performing one-third of commodities. All portfolios are rebalanced monthly. Commodities in each portfolio are equally weighted.
Going long the commodities with the highest roll yields and shorting those with the lowest roll yields over the January 1999–June 2016 period produced a 14.04% annualized return advantage. Furthermore, the best roll yields may at times include those in contango (just less-steep contango), and the worst may include lesser-backwardated curves. In the same vein, a 10.28% return difference was earned by going long the commodities with the highest momentum and shorting those with the lowest momentum.
Contract Selection. The second improvement in commodity index design is in contract selection, moving beyond the so-called front contract (the futures contract closest to maturity) to buy liquid contracts with better local roll-yield profiles relative to the rest of the futures curve.
In contrast, traditional commodity indices commit to the front contract only, despite the significant losses created by the approach when the front end of the curve is in strong contango.
Analyzing the period from January 1999 to June 2016, we find that selecting contracts with the best roll-yield profile has historically improved returns by 3.8% (4.0% – 0.2%) a year compared to the return of a contract selection method that buys the front contract only. Such an improved return is higher than we would reasonably expect going forward, but additional worthwhile benefits can be captured using this form of contract selection. Because the front-month contract is often the most volatile, removing the obligation of buying the front contract can also reduce the volatility of the commodity investment. For example, the annualized volatilities of the two contract selection methods over the study period are 25.0% and 29.0%, respectively, indicating a reduction in volatility for the best roll-yield-profile selection method. The best roll-yield approach also cuts turnover by one-half, on average, from 69% to 34%, and also typically lowers transaction costs.
Putting It All Together: The Dow Jones RAFI Commodity Index
The Dow Jones RAFI Commodity Index (DJ RAFI Commodities), which went live in September 2014, uses the previously discussed insights to build better return potential for commodity index investors and for traditional 60/40 investors. DJ RAFI Commodities achieves the traditional inflation protection and diversification benefits of commodity indexing, while mitigating the impediments of more traditional indices.
The index is constructed with the following methodology:
- Uses base weights of 24 commodities across three major sectors, determined annually, from the parent Dow Jones Commodity Index.5
- Reweights the portfolio (i.e., modifies the base weights) monthly based on an equal blend of momentum and roll-yield signals.
- Selects contracts monthly, after the monthly portfolio weights are determined (i.e., the index selects the contract with the highest implied roll yield from a set of liquid contracts up to 24 months out on the futures curve).6
DJ RAFI Commodities performed well when compared to the S&P GSCI and the BCOM over the period January 1999–June 2016. A $100 investment in DJ RAFI Commodities in January 1999 would have grown to $645 by the end of June 2016, producing an annualized return of 11%. Similar investments in BCOM and S&P GSCI over the same time period would have grown to $159 and $121, respectively. DJ RAFI Commodities added 10% a year in excess return relative to the S&P GSCI and 9% a year over BCOM.
Importantly, this enhanced index construction does not adversely impact the core benefits of investing in commodities. Repeating our earlier exercise of assessing performance in high- and low-inflation environments, when we add DJ RAFI Commodities to our analysis we find an improvement in performance persistent in both inflation environments. This characteristic resembles what could be viewed as an “inflation insurance” policy that offers generous damage coverage and a negative premium.
In the parlance of risk management, DJ RAFI Commodities could be classified as an “alpha-generating hedge.” The index exceeded the average excess return of the BCOM by 15.7% a year and by 5.4% a year compared to the S&P GSCI during periods of high inflation, as well as outperforming during periods of low inflation, generating an excess return of 3.1% compared to the returns of ?7.3% and ?3.4% of the S&P GSCI and BCOM, respectively.
Since the launch of DJ RAFI Commodities in September 2014, a period that has encompassed the very turbulent commodity markets of 2015, the index has outperformed both traditional indices. An initial investment of $100 in DJ RAFI Commodities would have dropped to $75, a loss of $25, by the end of June 2016. Over the same period, an equal investment in the S&P GSCI and BCOM would have generated losses of $50 and $70, respectively. When investors experience only a relatively smaller loss, it can, of course, feel like a consolation prize at best. But for investors with a strategic allocation to commodities, the fact that DJ RAFI Commodities was able to “add” since launch an average of 17% a year relative to the S&P GSCI, and 3% a year against BCOM, can be viewed as a testament to the RAFI methodology, and points to the potential for more tolerable performance even under difficult circumstances.
Conclusion
Commodities can serve as an effective portfolio diversifier and can provide inflation protection. Traditional long-only commodity indices suffer, however, from a lack of diversification, relying on a handful of return drivers, and tend to impose negative roll returns on investors because of construction rigidity regarding weights and contracts. The Dow Jones RAFI Commodity Index is built to seek better performance from commodity investing, preserving the positive attributes of being long commodities and delivering superior cost-effective performance through a thoughtful, transparent, and rules-based investment process.
Article by Jonathan Treussard & Lillian Wu - Research Affiliates
