Income Tax Gap

How Big is the Income Tax Gap in Your State? [CHARTS]

Only two things in life are truly unavoidable: death and taxes. But evidence suggests you can outwit both – within limits – simply by moving to another state. A study published recently in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows how people on low incomes die much sooner in some parts of the U.S. than in others (see map in this NY Times article). And, with Tax Day upon us today, comes a reminder that state taxes vary widely from one state to the next. It’s too late now, but ahead of next year’s tax return, also due on 18 April, you might consider moving state to pay less taxes. These maps tell you where to go…

Income Tax Gap – As shown by these heat maps, based on data provided by the IRS.

California may be the dream destination for many Americans, it also has the highest tax of any state – 10.40% on average. The reason: the Golden State’s legendarily lamentable public finances. And Hawaii may be exotic, it certainly isn’t a fiscal paradise, with an average income tax of 9.99%. Oregon, Minnesota, DC, New York, Vermont and Maine also have average state income taxes above 7.5%. The perceptive reader will have noticed these are all, in political terms, ‘blue states’ (and one district).

At the other end of the spectrum, no less than 7 states have no income tax whatsoever

(New Hampshire and Tennessee, colored grey on this map, have no tax on income either, but do tax interest and dividends). Depending on your preference for hot or cold weather, you could move to Florida, Nevada or Texas for the former, and Alaska, South Dakota, Washington State or Wyoming for the latter. Most – but not all – of these states are ‘red’.

In all, 14 of the other states have average tax rates below 5.00%, and 20 between 5% and 7.50%. But ‘average’ doesn’t quite cut it as an indicator for your fiscally inspired move. If the left side of your body was frozen and your right side on fire, a statistician would say you’re feeling just fine. Hence the importance of the so-called ‘Tax Gap’.

Most states have progressive tax systems: high-income earners pay a higher percentage of their income in tax. But some states are fiscally more progressive than others, resulting in a bigger difference between those taxed least and those taxed most. Again, California leads the nation, with a tax gap of 9.31% – that’s how much more those in the top bracket are taxed than those in the bottom one. New Jersey comes in second, at some distance (6.60%). Vermont, Minnesota and Hawaii all have tax gaps over 5%.

Quite a few more states believe that income taxes should be flat – or nearly so. Louisiana, Utah, Massachusetts, Michigan, Illinois and Indiana all have tax gaps of 1% or less; while no less than 13 states have tax gaps between 1 and 2%: North Dakota, Maryland, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Iowa, Kansas, Georgia, West Virginia, Virginia, Colorado, North Carolina and Kentucky. Remarkably, one state – Alabama, we’re talking about you – believes in regressive taxes: people in the Top 50% bracket effectively pay 3.94% in state taxes, a percentage that diminishes steadily down to 3.13% for the Top 0.1% bracket. In other words: if you’re poor, you pay more. Sounds like a great incentive to get rich – except that you can’t tax poor people out of poverty, apparently: according to U.S. Census figures, Alabama is 47th out of 50 states for per capita income.

Nowhere else are the 0.1% in the top tax bracket (i.e. those earning at least $1,860,848 per annum) taxed as much as in California: 11.54%. The average tax is a good predictor: all the other states in the top for highest average charge most from their wealthiest citizens. If you’re a top earner, a no-tax state is the obvious choice. Barring that, you could go to the state with the lowest actual rates: North Dakota (2.76%), Pennsylvania (3.07%) or Indiana (3.30%).

If you make more than $428,713 per year, you’re in the Top 1% tax bracket. Surprisingly, you’re paying more in state taxes in Hawaii (9.60%) and Oregon (9.53%) rather than in California (9.25%) – if not by much. States on the higher end are the usual suspects: Minnesota, DC, Vermont, Maine. Red-state Idaho charges a surprisingly high 7.16%, earning 8th place. At the other end of the spectrum, North Dakota is the only state keeping it below 3%. The majority of states (26 out of 50) charge the Top 1% income bracket between 3% and 6.30%.

In the Top 5% bracket (annual incomes above $179,760), we see another slight reshuffle of the highest taxers. Oregon is #1, with 9.03%, followed by Hawaii (7.80%) and California (7.63%). DC (7.36%) and Maine (7.14%) are the only other places with a tax rate above 7% for this bracket.

Disregarding the No-Tax Seven (or Nine, if you don’t mind the dividend and interest tax), the best place to be in this bracket is North Dakota (1.83%), or barring that, the six other states keeping it below 4%: Louisiana (3.90%), Arizona (3.77%), Alabama (3.75%), Illinois (3.71%), Ohio (3.67%), Indiana (3.28%) and Pennsylvania (3.07%).

The wider the tax bracket, the more likely you’re in it. So prick up your ears, we might have reached your stop. If you’re in the Top 10% (earning up to $127,695 per year), you’re worst off – for state taxes at least – in Oregon (8.30%), Hawaii (7.45%) and California (6.94%).

The District of Columbia (6.86%) and 8 other states also have rates of 6% and over, i.e. Maine (6.81%), Idaho (6.61%), Minnesota (6.37%), Arkansas (6.11%), Montana (6.11%), South Carolina (6.05%), New York (6.02%) and Wisconsin (6.00%).

Outside the no-tax states, you’re best off in North Dakota (1.65%), with Pennsylvania a distant runner-up (3.07%).

Fiscal logic and political expediency both dictate that the broader the bracket, the more equitable the tax should be. And that holds true for the Top 25, (from $74,955 per annum), which is taxed relatively evenly among the states. Only Oregon (7.40%) charges more than 7%.

And only three others charge 6% or more: Hawaii (6.89%), Idaho (6.05%) and Maine (6.00%). No fewer than 15 states charge anywhere between 5 and 6%, and another 10 charge a percentage between 4 and 5%. Again, North Dakota is the cheapest of the states that charge (1.29%), this time followed by Ohio (2.69%) and Arizona (3.03%).

The Top 50% incomes, those earning upwards of $36,841 per annum, constitute the lowest taxable bracket. But if you think most places go easy on the hardest-up category, think again. No less than 12 states (and DC) charge between 4 and 5%: Kentucky (4.94%), Georgia (4.67%), Idaho (4.65%), North Carolina (4.58%), Massachusetts (4.53%), West Virginia (4.44%), Virginia (4.44%), the District of Columbia (4.32%), Utah (4.30%), Montana (4.17%), New York (4.15%), Iowa (4.08%) and Wisconsin (4.05%). Two states charge more than 5%: Hawaii (5.63%) and Oregon (6.45%), the top-charging state.

Again excepting the no-tax states, North Dakota again is on the other end of the scale, with a tax rate for the Top 50% bracket of no more than 0.79%. Only four other states stay below 2.50%: New Jersey (1.55%) and Ohio (1.95%), California (2.23%) and Arizona (2.29%). The other 22 states charge between 2.50 and 4%.

It was Daniel Defoe who first quipped about the inescapability of death and taxes, in his Political History of the Devil (1726), half a century before American independence. The U.S. gave rise to a particularly vociferous anti-statist strain of political philosophy, with consequences for fiscal policy. To paraphrase a maxim habitually attributed to Thomas Jefferson: That government governs best which taxes the least. While the federal government can’t go without squeezing its citizens earnings, several states have ditched payroll taxes altogether (see above). Is that worth moving? Perhaps, especially if you live just across the border. You have exactly one year to get your (new) house in order. Go!

How Big is the Income Tax Gap in Your State?