De-risking Goes Beyond Interest Rate Risk: The Case for Dynamic Asset Allocation in an LDI Solution by Catherine LeGraw, GMO.
One of the most talked about themes among pension plan managers over the last several years has been the de-risking of their portfolios, with a primary focus on interest rate risk. And for those who have implemented a glide path approach, there are other significant risks to consider. We believe that the biggest risk is valuation risk: the risk of loss that is realized when expensive assets revert to fair value. This risk is critically important today as we believe stocks and bonds are expensive globally. In this piece, we introduce a measure of valuation risk, and demonstrate how rotating growth assets into a valuation-aware dynamic strategy can help to reduce risk, improve long-term returns, and help improve funded status in the case of a reversion to the mean.
De-risking goes beyond interest rate risk
Many institutional plan sponsors are no longer comfortable with underwriting the risk of a pension plan. For corporations that are required to contribute a portion of any shortfall on an annual basis, the volatility on the balance sheet is not simply the price volatility a long-term investor can withstand; it is a real business risk. Many corporations believe this risk is insufficiently compensated. For some, that means off-loading the pension risk entirely by offering lump sums to beneficiaries or selling the plan to an insurance company. While these solutions are featured frequently in the financial news, most plan sponsors intend to continue to manage their plans, but to de-risk.
Even with the drop in funded status in 2014 (see Exhibit 1), many sponsors continue to talk about de-risking and a desire to minimize funded status volatility.
There are many ways to implement an interest rate hedging solution, including the use of a variety of synthetic options that are capital-efficient. However, in the most straightforward implementation, the pension plan sponsor trades off between growth assets (for example, equity) and liability hedging assets (typically long duration fixed income) as illustrated by the simplified glide path in Exhibit 2. The more the assets look like the liability, the lower the surplus volatility and the lower the probability of a significant change in funded status.
Beyond duration risk: remember valuation
Within this mindset of reducing uncompensated risk in a pension plan, sponsors should consider whether they are sufficiently compensated for other plan risks, namely, the risk we focus on the most at GMO: valuation risk.
Valuation risk is the risk of overpaying for an asset. We believe it is the biggest risk faced by investors: buying expensive assets can doom an investor to low long-term returns or the permanent impairment of capital (see Exhibit 3).
Many investors claim that it is too hard to “time the market”; while they may fear valuation risk, they believe there is nothing they can do about it. These investors maintain a reasonably static asset mix through time. We agree that it is difficult to time the market. However, with the long investment horizon provided by retirement assets, a solid valuation framework, a willingness to reallocate assets, and patience, we believe that investors can use valuation to drive better investment outcomes. How does one measure valuation risk and assess whether it is sufficiently well compensated?
GMO has developed proprietary 7-year asset class forecast returns that are comprised of two parts: an equilibrium return (the return to the asset in the absence of any valuation change) and a valuation return. To develop the valuation return, we assume that asset prices revert to long-term equilibrium levels linearly over seven years. The valuation return can be positive (if assets are cheap, or priced below long-term equilibrium levels) or negative (if assets are expensive and are priced above longterm equilibrium levels).
While there is not a universally accepted measurement of valuation risk, one way to proxy it is to calculate the amount an asset stands to lose from an immediate reversion to fair value. This metric is a nice way to capture aggregate valuation risk. On our data, all assets (except for cash) currently stand to fall if they revert immediately to fair value (Exhibit 4). Conversely, if assets were priced cheaply, they would have a gain from reversion to fair value.
How does one reduce valuation risk in a pension plan? By monitoring asset valuations and rotating out of the most overpriced assets and into the most attractively priced assets. Easily stated, less easily implemented, but this is exactly what we do in our asset allocation strategies, using the 7-year asset class forecasting framework.
As risky assets today are almost uniformly expensive, investment portfolios are carrying a significant amount of valuation risk. As of December 31, 2014, the valuation risk (loss from reversion to fair value) of a globally market capitalization weighted equity portfolio (similar to the MSCI All Country World Index) is estimated to be -32%. The valuation risk of cash, a low duration asset (cash can have a maturity anywhere from overnight to three months), is 0%. A change in the cash rate would have little impact on the value of the cash held currently;4 as cash assets are rolled forward, they begin earning the new cash rate. However, over a long horizon holding cash is a risky strategy due to inflation risk; specifically, the value of cash holdings is eroded by inflation.
The valuation risk associated with a GMO asset allocation strategy is -11%.5 The strategy bears some valuation risk – but significantly less than a global market capitalization weighted equity portfolio – by targeting the most attractively priced pockets of risky assets. Some expensive risky assets still have a positive forecasted return because the equilibrium return (growth and dividends for equities and yield and roll down for fixed income) offsets the expected drag from valuation. We would prefer to invest in cheap or fairly valued assets; when none are available, we seek to earn some return while waiting for mean reversion to occur.
In Exhibit 5, we provide a simplified example for how a dynamic asset allocation strategy could be incorporated into a broader de-risking glide path. By substituting a portion of the existing risky asset portfolio (here assumed to be global equities) with the dynamic asset allocation strategy, and over time de-risking out of equities first, and then out of the dynamic asset allocation strategy, the investor may be able to reduce the valuation risk of the remaining growth portfolio.
See full PDF below.
